Can Mothers Be Heroes? Maternity and Maternal Body Work in Military Firefighters
Main Article Content
Eloisio Moulin de Souza
Abstract
Objective: the article analyzes the discursive practices related to maternity and maternal body work that circulate among military firefighters, through the cultural construction of the hero firefighter that affects simultaneously the construction of military women as ideal mothers and firefighters. Theoretical framework: to do so, we used studies on maternal body work and gender in military organizations. Method: we conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers and pregnant military firefighters, and data were analyzed using the Foucauldian discourse analysis (FDA). Results: the hero establishes conflicts between motherhood and work that reduce the status of women firefighters in the organization. To deal with these conflicts and contradictions, women firefighters engage in maternal body work, seeking to reconcile the demands of work and motherhood. Conclusion: the results of the article show that building the hero firefighter’s imaginary represents an unwritten social norm, which establishes power relations that downgrade and push away simultaneously the maternal bodies from the possibility of being considered heroic and ideal bodies for the military firefighter work.
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How to Cite
Souza, E. M. de. (2022). Can Mothers Be Heroes? Maternity and Maternal Body Work in Military Firefighters. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 26(Sup. 1), e210193. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2022210193.en
Section
Theoretical-empirical Articles
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Ashcraft, K. L., & Muhr, S. L. (2018). Coding military command as a promiscuous practice? Unsettling the gender binaries of leadership metaphors. Human Relations, 71(2), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717709080
Auster, E. R., & Prasad, A. (2016). Why do women still not make it to the top? Dominant organizational ideologies and biases by promotion committees limit opportunities to destination positions. Sex Roles, 75, 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0607-0
Brewis, J., & Warren, S. (2001). Pregnancy as project: Organizing reproduction. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 23(3), 383-406. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25611529
Brian, K. (2011). Precious babies: Pregnancy, birth and parenting after infertility. London: Piatkus.
Cahusac, E., & Kanji, S. (2014). Giving up: How gendered organizational cultures push mothers out. Gender, Work & Organization, 21(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12011
Carvalho, A. M., Neto, Tanure, B., & Andrade, J. (2010). Executivas: Carreira, maternidade, amores e preconceitos. RAE Eletrônica, 9(1), Art. 3. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-56482010000100004
Ceribeli, H. B., & Silva, E. R. (2017). Interrupção voluntária da carreira em prol da maternidade. Revista Pensamento Contemporâneo em Administração, 11(5), 116-139. https://doi.org/10.12712/rpca.v11i5.1056
Clancy, A. (2020). On mothering and being mothered: A personal reflection on women’s productivity during COVID‐19. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(5), 857–859. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12486
Clark, S., McGrane, A., Boyle, N., Joksimovic, N., Burke, L., Rock, N., & O’ Sullivan, K. (2021). “You’re a teacher, you’re a mother, you’re a worker”: Gender inequality during COVID‐19 in Ireland. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(4), 1352-1362. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12611
Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Collins, C., Landivar, L. C., Ruppanner, L., & Scarborough, W. J. (2021). COVID‐19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(S1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12506
Collinson, D. (2000). Strategies of resistance: Power, knowledge and subjectivities in the workplace. In: K. Grint (Ed.), Work and society: A reader (pp. 163-198). Cambridge: Polity Press.
Diaz-Bone, R., Bührmann, A. D., Rodríguez, E. G., Schneider, W., Kendall, G., & Tirado, F. (2008). The field of Foucaultian discourse analysis: Structures, developments and perspectives. Historical Social Research, 33(1), 7-28. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20762257
Eccel, C. S., & Grisci, C. L. L. (2011). Trabalho e gênero: A produção de masculinidades na perspectiva de homens e mulheres. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 9(1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-39512011000100005
Eräranta, K., & Moisander, J. (2011). Psychological regimes of truth and father identity: Challenges for work/life integration. Organization Studies, 32(4), 509-526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840611400293
Ericson, M., & Mellström, U. (2016). Firefighters, technology and masculinity in the micro-management of disasters: Swedish examples. In: E. Enarson & B. Pease (Eds.), Men, masculinities and disaster (pp. 165-175). London: Routledge.
Foucault, M. (1988). The ethic of care for the self as a practice of freedom. In J. Bernauer & D. Rasmussen (Eds.), The final Foucault (pp. 1-20). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Gatrell, C. J. (2011). Managing the maternal body: A comprehensive review and transdisciplinary analysis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(1), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2010.00286.x
Gatrell, C. J. (2013). Maternal body work: How women managers and professionals negotiate pregnancy and new motherhood at work. Human Relations, 66(5), 621–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712467380
Gatrell, C. (2014). Monstrous motherhood versus magical maternity? An exploration of conflicting attitudes to maternity within health discourses and organizational settings. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 33(7), 633-647. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-07-2012-0056
Gatrell, C. (2019). Boundary creatures? Employed, breastfeeding mothers and ‘abjection as practice’. Organization Studies, 40(3), 421-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840617736932
Godfrey, R. (2009). Military, masculinity and mediated representations: (Con)fusing the real and the reel. Culture and Organization, 15(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759550902925369
Godfrey, R., Lilley, S., & Brewis, J. (2012). Biceps, bitches and borgs: Reading Jarhead’s representation of the construction of the (masculine) military body. Organization Studies, 33(4), 541-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612443458
Güney‐Frahm, I. (2020). Neoliberal motherhood during the pandemic: Some reflections. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(5), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12485
Guy, B., & Arthur, B. (2020). Academic motherhood during COVID‐19: Navigating our dual roles as educators and mothers. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(5), 887–899. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12493
Hassard, J., Hollyday, R., & Willmott, H. (2000). Introduction: The body and organization. In: J. Hassard, R. Hollyday, & H. Willmott (Eds.), Body and organization (pp. 1-14). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218303.n13
Haynes, K. (2008). (Re)figuring accounting and maternal bodies: The gendered embodiment of accounting professionals. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(4-5), 328-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.04.003
Hennekam, S., Syed, J., Ali, F., & Dumazert, J-P. (2019). A multilevel perspective of the identity transition to motherhood. Gender, Work and Organization, 26(7), 915-933. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12334
Herman, C., Lewis, S., & Humbert, A. L. (2013). Women scientists and engineers in European companies: Putting motherhood under the microscope. Gender, Work & Organization, 20(5), 467-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2012.00596.x
Husain-Talero, S., & Angulo, L. G. M. (2019). Caracterización del liderazgo femenino en ámbitos militares. Reflexiones a partir de las experiencias de las alféreces en su fase de mando. Cadernos Pagu, (56), e195609. https://doi.org/10.1590/18094449201900560009
IBOPE Inteligência. (2019). Índice de confiança social 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ibopeinteligencia.com/arquivos/JOB%2019_0844_ICS_INDICE_CONFIANCA_SOCIAL_2019%20-%20Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20(final).pdf
Kang, M., Park, H. J., & Park, J. (2020). Teachers as good mothers, mothers as good teachers: Functional and ideological work–family alignment in the South Korean teaching profession. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(3), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12396
Karazi‐Presler, T. (2020). Note passing as gendered practices of public ambiguity in a hyper‐masculine organization. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(4), 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12439
Khan, T. H., & MacEachen, E. (2021). Foucauldian discourse analysis: Moving beyond a social constructionist analytic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211018009
Kugelberg, C. (2006). Constructing the deviant other: Mothering and fathering at the workplace. Gender, Work & Organization, 13(2), 152-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00301.x
Lasta, L. L., & Hillesheim, B. (2014). Políticas de inclusão escolar: Produção da anormalidade. Psicologia & Sociedade, 26(spe), 140-149. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-71822014000500015
Longhurst, R. (2001). Bodies: Exploring fluid boundaries. London: Routledge.
Maleta, Y. (2009). Playing with fire: Gender at work and Australian female cultural experience within rural firefighting. Journal of Sociology, 45(3), 291-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783309335647
Mavin, S., & Grandy, G. (2016). A theory of abject appearance: Women elite leaders’ intra-gender ‘management’ of bodies and appearance. Human Relations, 69(5), 1095–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715609107
Miller, K. E. (2021). The ethics of care and academic motherhood amid COVID‐19. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(S1), 260-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12547
Oliveira, P. P. (2004). A construção social da masculinidade. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG.
Perrott, T. A. (2019). Doing hot and ‘dirty’ work: Masculinities and occupational identity in firefighting. Gender, Work & Organization, 26(10), 1398-1412. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12412
Picheth, S. F., & Crubellate, J. M. (2019). Mudanças, lógicas institucionais e emergência de novos atores: A renaturalização da maternidade no Brasil. Organizações & Sociedade, 26(90), 486-512. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-9260905
Powers, P. (2007). The philosophical foundations of Foucaultian discourse analysis. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines, 1(2), 18-34. Retrieved from https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/journals/cadaad/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Volume-1_Powers.pdf
Rosa, M. A. G., & Quirino, R. (2017). Trabalho produtivo e trabalho reprodutivo na vida das mulheres: Estudo de caso em uma indústria têxtil de Minas Gerais. Polêmica, 17(4), 66-80. Retrieved from https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/polemica/article/view/34304
Sasson-Levy, O. (2008). Individual bodies, collective state interests: The case of Israeli combat soldiers. Men and Masculinities, 10(3), 296–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X06287760
Sasson-Levy, O. (2011). The military in a globalized environment: Perpetuating an ‘extremely gendered’ organization. In E. Jeanes, D. Knights & P. Y. Martin (Eds.), Handbook of gender, work and organization (pp. 391- 410). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
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