Analysis of Scales and Measures of Moral Virtues: A Systematic Review
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Maria Clara Figueiredo Dalla Costa Ames
Mauricio C. Serafim
Felipe Flôres Martins
Abstract
Objective: to investigate how scales for the concept of moral virtues are constructed and measured, in studies associated with business ethics and the tradition of virtue ethics. Methods: a systematic literature review was conducted to select empirical articles on moral virtues that design or apply scales. Based on search, selection, and analysis criteria, five databases were consulted, and 37 papers were selected, with subsequent analysis of the scales development and measurement procedure (items, sample, factor analysis) and emerging factors. Results: the study gathers scales of multiple moral virtues (19) and of specific virtues (18), showing limitations in the generation of items, and in the item-sample proportion in some scales, as well as theoretical contributions in leadership and relationship strengthening, making a theoretical and methodological discussion in the light of the assumptions of virtue ethics in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition. Conclusions: the article intends to contribute to a better understanding of moral virtues in management, by discussing the scales from the unity of virtues and the phronesis-moral virtues connection, with implications for human behavior and business ethics. Procedures are recommended for future qualitative and quantitative studies in new research contexts.
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Ames, M. C. F. D. C., Serafim, M. C., & Martins, F. F. (2021). Analysis of Scales and Measures of Moral Virtues: A Systematic Review. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 26(6), e190379. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2022190379.en
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Theoretical-empirical Articles
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Ames, M. C. F. D. C., & Serafim, M. C. (2019). Teaching-learning practical wisdom (phronesis) in Administration: A Systematic Review. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 23(4), 564-586. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2019180301
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Bachmann, C., Habisch, A., & Dierksmeier, C. (2017). Practical wisdom: Management’s no longer forgotten virtue. Journal of Business Ethics, 153, 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3417-y
Bai, F., Ho, G. C. C., & Yan, J. (2020). Does Virtue lead to status? Testing the moral virtue theory of status attainment. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 118(3), 501–531. http://doi.org/10.0.4.13/pspi0000192
Beadle, R., Sison, A. J. G., & Fontrodona, J. (2015). Introduction-virtue and virtuousness: when will the twain ever meet? Business Ethics: A European Review, 24(S2), S67-S77. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12098
Beekun, R. I., Westerman, J., & Barghouti, J. (2005). Utility of ethical frameworks in determining behavioral intention: A comparison of the US and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-4772-2
Bernabe-Valero, G., Blasco-Magraner, J. S., & GarcÃa-March, M. R. (2020). Gratitude questionnaire–20 Items (G20): A cross-cultural, psychometric and crowdsourcing analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(December), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.626330
Beugré, C. D. (2012). Development and validation of a deontic justice scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2163-2190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00935.x
Cameron, K., Bright, D., & Caza, A. (2004). Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260209
Castro-González, S., Bande, B., Fernández-FerrÃn, P., & Kimura, T. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and consumer advocacy behaviors: The importance of emotions and moral virtues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 846–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.238
Cawley, M. J., Martin, J. E., & Johnson, J. A. (2000). A virtues approach to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(5), 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00207-x
Colombo, M., Strangmann, K., Houkes, L., Kostadinova, Z., & Brandt, M. J. (2021). Intellectually Humble, but Prejudiced People. A Paradox of Intellectual Virtue. Review of Philosophy and Psychology,12, 353–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-020-00496-4
Dawson, D. (2018). Measuring Individuals’ Virtues in Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(4), 793-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3505-7
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications. (4th ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Diessner, R., Iyer, R., Smith, M. M., & Haidt, J. (2013). Who engages with moral beauty? Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 139-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2013.785941
Donada, C., Mothe, C., Nogatchewsky, G., & Ribeiro, G. C. de. (2019). The Respective effects of virtues and inter-organizational management control systems on relationship quality and performance: Virtues Win. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(1), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3418-x
Fávero, L. P. L., Belfiore, P. P., Silva, F. L. & Chan, B. L. (2009) Análise de dados: Modelagem multivariada para tomada de decisões. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Elsevier.
Ferrero, I., & Sison, A. (2014). A quantitative analysis of authors, schools and themes in virtue ethics articles in business ethics and management journals (1980-2011). Business ethics: A European Review, 23(4), 375-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12057
Ferrero, I. Prefácio. In M. C. Serafim (Org.). (2020). Virtudes e dilemas morais na Administração. (pp. 9-14). Florianópolis: Admethics.
Foot, P. (1967). The problem of abortion and the doctrine of double effect. Oxford Reviews, 5, 5-15. Retrieved from https://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/phil3100,SP09/foot.pdf
Gomide, S. Jr., Vieira, L. E., & Oliveira, A. F. (2016). Percepção de virtudes morais organizacionais: Evidências de validade de um instrumento de medida para o contexto brasileiro. Psicologia: Organizações e Trabalho, 16(3), 298-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.17652/rpot/2016.3.10417
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