Barriers, Adaptability, Employability, and Satisfaction: Career Perceptions of Business Students
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Mariana Ramos de Melo
Priscilla de Oliveira Martins-Silva
Alexsandro Luiz de Andrade
Ralf Luis de Moura
Abstract
Objective: this study was aimed to verify how perceptions of career barriers and adaptability held by senior undergraduate students attending Business Administration programs influence employability and career satisfaction. Method: a survey was conducted among 358 senior undergraduate students. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, hypothesis tests for differences between means, and structural equation modeling. Results: significant differences were found in individuals’ perceptions regarding career barriers depending on sex and race. Contrary to the expected, the hypothesis test showed that contextual career barriers do not predict employability or satisfaction. Adaptability, in turn, predicted both, while employability predicted satisfaction. Conclusions: the results reinforce that sociodemographic characteristics are potential indicators to support understanding of perceived career barriers. Additionally, the students’ continued development of adaptability (concern, control, curiosity, confidence) to advance their careers and life plays an important role, positively influencing perceptions of overall abilities for work (employability) and career success.
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Melo, M. R. de, Martins-Silva, P. de O., Andrade, A. L. de, & Moura, R. L. de. (2021). Barriers, Adaptability, Employability, and Satisfaction: Career Perceptions of Business Students. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 25(6), e190124. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2021190124.en
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Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., & Wang, Q. (2010). A meta‐analytic examination of the relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well‐being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 915-934. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X478557
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Bullock-Yowell, E., Peterson, G. W., Reardon, R. C., Leierer, S. J., & Reed, C. A. (2011). Relationships among career and life stress, negative career thoughts, and career decision state: A cognitive information processing perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 59(4), 302-314. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2011.tb00071.x
Cardoso, P. (2009). Inventário de percepção de barreiras da carreira (1 ed.). Évora: Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade de Évora. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10174/2517
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De Vos, A., De Hauw, S., & Van der Heijden, B. I. (2011). Competency development and career success: The mediating role of employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 438-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.010
Di Fabio, A. (2019). From career development to career management: A positive prevention perspective. In J. A. Athanasou, & H. N. Perera (Eds.), International handbook of career guidance (Vol. 2, Chap. 10, pp. 209-239). Cham: Springer.
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
Faria, L. C., Taveira, M. C., & Saavedra, L. M. (2008). Exploração e decisão de carreira numa transição escolar: Diferenças individuais. Revista Brasileira de Orientação Profissional, 9(2), 17-30. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=203014920004
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Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86. https://doi.org/10.5465/256352
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados. Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Hall, D. T. (2004). The protean career: A quarter-century journey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.006
Heijde, C., & Van Der Heijden, B. (2006). A competence‐based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449-476. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20119
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2017). Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios contínua: Algumas características da força de trabalho por cor ou raça. IBGE. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Trabalho_e_Rendimento/Pesquisa_Nacional_por_Amostra_de_Domicilios_continua/Trimestral/Caracteristicas_da_forca_de_trabalho_por_cor_ou_raca/Algumas_caracteristicas_da_forca_de_trabalho_por_cor_ou_raca_2016_04_trimestre.pdf
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Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira. (2017). Indicadores de qualidade da educação superior 2015. INEP. Retrieved from http://download.inep.gov.br/educacao_superior/indicadores/legislacao/2017/apresentacao_indicadores_de_qualidade_da_educacao_superior2015.pdf
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Kim, Y. H., & O’Brien, K. M. (2018). Assessing women’s career barriers across racial/ethnic groups: The perception of barriers scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000251
Kuijpers, M., Schyns, B., & Scheerens, J. (2006). Career competencies for career success. The Career Development Quarterly, 55(2), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00011.x
Ladeira, M., Oliveira, M., Melo-Silva, L., & Taveira, M. (2019). Adaptabilidade de carreira e empregabilidade na transição universidade-trabalho: Mediação das respostas adaptativas. Psico-USF, 24(3), 583-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712019240314
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Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79-122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.36
Lipshits-Braziler, Y., & Tatar, M. (2012). Perceived career barriers and coping among youth in Israel: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.010
Lo Presti, A., & Pluviano, S. (2016). Looking for a route in turbulent waters: Employability as a compass for career success. Organizational Psychology Review, 6(2), 192-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386615589398
London, M. (2014). Career barriers: How people experience, overcome, and avoid failure. New York: Psychology Press.
Magalhães, M., & Bendassolli, P. (2013). Desenvolvimento de carreiras nas organizações. In: L. O. Borges, L. Mourão (Eds.), O trabalho e as organizações: Atuações a partir da psicologia. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
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Praskova, A., Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2015). Self-regulatory processes mediating between career calling and perceived employability and life satisfaction in emerging adults. Journal of Career Development, 42(2), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845314541517
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Audibert, A., & Teixeira, M. A. P. (2015). Escala de adaptabilidade de carreira: Evidências de validade em universitários brasileiros. Revista Brasileira de Orientação Profissional, 16(1), 83-93. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=203041069009
Bandura, A. (1978). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
Barbosa Filho, F. H. (2017). A crise econômica de 2014/2017. Estudos Avançados, 31(89), 51-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142017.31890006
Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., & Wang, Q. (2010). A meta‐analytic examination of the relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well‐being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 915-934. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X478557
Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (2019). A social cognitive view of career development and guidance. In J. A. Athanasou, & H. N. Perera (Eds.), International handbook of career guidance (Vol. 2, Chap. 7, pp. 147-166). Cham: Springer.
Bullock-Yowell, E., Peterson, G. W., Reardon, R. C., Leierer, S. J., & Reed, C. A. (2011). Relationships among career and life stress, negative career thoughts, and career decision state: A cognitive information processing perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 59(4), 302-314. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2011.tb00071.x
Cardoso, P. (2009). Inventário de percepção de barreiras da carreira (1 ed.). Évora: Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade de Évora. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10174/2517
Cardoso, P., & Moreira, J. M. (2009). Self-efficacy beliefs and the relation between career planning and perception of barriers. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 9(3), 177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-009-9163-2
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2 ed). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Cozby, P. C. (2003). Métodos de pesquisa em ciências do comportamento (Cap. 7, pp. 141-170). São Paulo: Atlas.
Dahling, J. J., Melloy, R., & Thompson, M. N. (2013). Financial strain and regional unemployment as barriers to job search self-efficacy: A test of social cognitive career theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031492
De Vos, A., De Hauw, S., & Van der Heijden, B. I. (2011). Competency development and career success: The mediating role of employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 438-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.010
Di Fabio, A. (2019). From career development to career management: A positive prevention perspective. In J. A. Athanasou, & H. N. Perera (Eds.), International handbook of career guidance (Vol. 2, Chap. 10, pp. 209-239). Cham: Springer.
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
Faria, L. C., Taveira, M. C., & Saavedra, L. M. (2008). Exploração e decisão de carreira numa transição escolar: Diferenças individuais. Revista Brasileira de Orientação Profissional, 9(2), 17-30. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=203014920004
Gamboa, V., Paixão, O., & Palma, A. I. (2014). Adaptabilidade de carreira e autoeficácia na transição para o trabalho: O papel da empregabilidade percebida–estudo com estudantes do ensino superior. Revista Portuguesa de Pedagogia, (48-2), 133-156. https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8614_48-2_7
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86. https://doi.org/10.5465/256352
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados. Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Hall, D. T. (2004). The protean career: A quarter-century journey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.006
Heijde, C., & Van Der Heijden, B. (2006). A competence‐based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449-476. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20119
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2017). Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios contínua: Algumas características da força de trabalho por cor ou raça. IBGE. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Trabalho_e_Rendimento/Pesquisa_Nacional_por_Amostra_de_Domicilios_continua/Trimestral/Caracteristicas_da_forca_de_trabalho_por_cor_ou_raca/Algumas_caracteristicas_da_forca_de_trabalho_por_cor_ou_raca_2016_04_trimestre.pdf
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2020). Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios contínua: Terceiro trimestre de 2020. IBGE. Retrieved from https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/2421/pnact_2020_3tri.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira. (2017). Indicadores de qualidade da educação superior 2015. INEP. Retrieved from http://download.inep.gov.br/educacao_superior/indicadores/legislacao/2017/apresentacao_indicadores_de_qualidade_da_educacao_superior2015.pdf
Johnston, C. S. (2016). A systematic review of the career adaptability literature and future outlook. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072716679921
Kim, Y. H., & O’Brien, K. M. (2018). Assessing women’s career barriers across racial/ethnic groups: The perception of barriers scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000251
Kuijpers, M., Schyns, B., & Scheerens, J. (2006). Career competencies for career success. The Career Development Quarterly, 55(2), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00011.x
Ladeira, M., Oliveira, M., Melo-Silva, L., & Taveira, M. (2019). Adaptabilidade de carreira e empregabilidade na transição universidade-trabalho: Mediação das respostas adaptativas. Psico-USF, 24(3), 583-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712019240314
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033446
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79-122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.36
Lipshits-Braziler, Y., & Tatar, M. (2012). Perceived career barriers and coping among youth in Israel: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.010
Lo Presti, A., & Pluviano, S. (2016). Looking for a route in turbulent waters: Employability as a compass for career success. Organizational Psychology Review, 6(2), 192-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386615589398
London, M. (2014). Career barriers: How people experience, overcome, and avoid failure. New York: Psychology Press.
Magalhães, M., & Bendassolli, P. (2013). Desenvolvimento de carreiras nas organizações. In: L. O. Borges, L. Mourão (Eds.), O trabalho e as organizações: Atuações a partir da psicologia. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Melo, M. R. (2018). Barreiras de carreira, adaptabilidade e satisfação: Percepções de alunos formandos em Administração em Instituições de Educação Superior (Master’s thesis). Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
Melo, M. R., Martins-Silva, P., & Andrade, A. (2020). Inventário de percepção de barreiras de carreira: Estudo com universitários. Revista Brasileira de Orientação Profissional, 21(1), 67-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.26707/1984-7270/2020v21n107
Oreiro, J. L. (2017). A grande recessão brasileira: Diagnóstico e uma agenda de política econômica. Estudos Avançados, 31(89), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142017.31890009
Perera, H. N., & Athanasou, J. A. (2019). Introduction: An international handbook of career guidance. In J. A. Athanasou, H. N. Perera (Eds.), International handbook of career guidance (Vol. 2, Chap. 1, pp. 1-22). Cham: Springer.
Pinho, E., Kilimnik, Z., & Andrade, D. (2015). A influência da estrutura matricial no comprometimento com a carreira em comparação com a estrutura tradicional: Um estudo de caso na EMATER-MG. REGE - Revista de Gestão, 22(2), 223-239. https://doi.org/10.5700/rege560
Praskova, A., Creed, P. A., & Hood, M. (2015). Self-regulatory processes mediating between career calling and perceived employability and life satisfaction in emerging adults. Journal of Career Development, 42(2), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845314541517
Ristoff, D. (2016). Democratização do campus: Impacto dos programas de inclusão sobre o perfil da graduação. Cadernos do GEA (Grupo Estratégico de Análise da Educação Superior no Brasil), 9, 5-62. Retrieved from http://flacso.org.br/?publication=caderno-gea-n9-democratizacao-do-campus-impacto-dos-programas-de-inclusao-sobre-o-perfil-da-graduacao
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