Professional Socialization from the Perspective of Female Surgeons: Challenges and Career Achievements
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Isabelle Christine Oliveira dos Santos
Tereza Cristina Batista de Lima
Luis Eduardo Brandão Paiva
Davi Sampaio Marques
Elidihara Trigueiro Guimarães
Abstract
Objective: aiming to contribute to the field of investigation on the association between work and gender, the study focuses on the medical surgeon profession, which has a low female participation rate. Thus, the aim of the study is to understand how professional socialization of female surgeons occurs, with an emphasis on gender and work relationships. Methods: this is a qualitative, descriptive study, comprising in-depth interviews carried out with 10 female surgeons, assessing their perceptions about the analysis categories belonging to the theoretical model of professional socialization: the looking-glass self, the establishment of duality, and the adjustment of the self-concept. Results: the interviewees’ greatest interest in the surgical area originated from personal characteristics they thought were important to a surgeon, in addition to the desire to solve the patient’s problem in a more practical and objective way. Conclusions: we observed that there are conflicts between the lay and professional culture and that the professional insertion was characterized by challenges, such as prejudice and difficulties in reconciling the personal and professional aspects of life. The study increased the understanding of how the job market incorporated the female surgeons, since it is a predominantly male area characterized by many stereotypes.
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Santos, I. C. O. dos, Lima, T. C. B. de, Paiva, L. E. B., Marques, D. S., & Guimarães, E. T. (2021). Professional Socialization from the Perspective of Female Surgeons: Challenges and Career Achievements. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 25(4), e180303. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2021180303.en
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Atkinson, R., & Flint, J. (2001). Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: Snowball research strategies. Social Research Update, 33(1), 1-4. Retrieved from
http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.html
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Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (2017). A inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho da região metropolitana de Fortaleza. Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego. Retrieved from https://www.dieese.org.br/analiseped/2016/2016pedmulherfor.html
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Edmunds, L. D., Ovseiko, P. V., Shepperd, S., Greenhalgh, T., Frith, P., Roberts, N. W., Pololi, L. H., Buchan, A. M. (2016). Why do women choose or reject careers in academic medicine? A narrative review of empirical evidence. The Lancet, 388(10062), 2948-2958. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01091-0
Fine, C., Sojo, V., & Lawford‐Smith, H. (2020). Why does workplace gender diversity matter? Justice, organizational benefits, and policy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 14(1), 36-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12064
Fitzsimmons, S. R. (2012). Women on boards of directors: Why skirts in seats aren’t enough. Business Horizons, 55(6), 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.07.003
Franco, T., & Santos, E. G. D. (2010). Mulheres e cirurgiãs. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões, 37(1), 72-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69912010000100015
Gazaway, S., Gibson, R. W., Schumacher, A., & Anderson, L. (2019). Impact of mentoring relationships on nursing professional socialization. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(6), 1182-1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12790
Hill, E., & Vaughan, S. (2013). The only girl in the room: How paradigmatic trajectories deter female students from surgical careers. Medical Education, 47(6), 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12134
Hughes, E. C. (1958). Men and their work. Florence, MA: Free Press.
Lempp, H., & Seale, C. (2006). Medical students’ perceptions in relation to ethnicity and gender: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, 6(17), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-6-17
Leslie, L. M., Manchester, C. F., & Dahm, P. C. (2017). Why and when does the gender gap reverse? Diversity goals and the pay premium for high potential women. Academy of Management Journal, 60(2), 402-432. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0195
Mason, M. A., & Ekman, E. M. (2007). Mothers on the fast track: How a new generation can balance family and careers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McKimm, J., Silva, A. S., Edwards, S., Greenhill, J., & Taylor, C. (2015). Women and leadership in medicine and medical education: International perspectives. In M. Tsouroufli (Ed.), Gender, careers and inequalities in medicine and medical education: International perspectives (pp. 69-98). Melbourne: Emerald Group.
Miller, K., & Clark, D. (2008). “Knife before wife”: An exploratory study of gender and the UK medical profession. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 22(3), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260810883521
Minella, L. S. (2017). Medicina e feminização em universidades brasileiras: O gênero nas interseções. Revista Estudos Feministas, 25(3), 1111-1128. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584.2017v25n3p1111
Oliveira, L. B., Cavazotte, F. S. C. N. de, & Paciello, R. R. (2013). Antecedentes e consequências dos conflitos entre trabalho e família. RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 17(4), 418-437. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584.2017v25n3p1111
Pereira, J. B. C., & Hanashiro, D. M. M. (2010). Ser ou não ser favorável às práticas de diversidade? Eis a questão. RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 14(4), 670-683. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552010000400007
Póvoa, A. C. S., Maffezzolli, M. R., Pech, W., & Silva, W. V. (2017). A influência do gênero no processo decisório: O jogo do ultimato. RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 21(4), 481-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2017160152
Saraiva, L. A. S., & Irigaray, H. A. R. (2009). Políticas de diversidade nas organizações: Uma questão de discurso? RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas, 49(3), 337-348. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902009000300008
Santos, C. (2005). A construção social do conceito de identidade profissional. Interações: Sociedade e as novas modernidades, 5(8), 123-144. Retrieved from https://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/145
Scheffer, M., Biancarelli, A., & Cassenote, A. (2011). Demografia médica no Brasil: Dados gerais e descrições de desigualdades: Relatório de pesquisa. São Paulo: Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Federal de Medicina.
Scheffer, M. C., & Cassenote, A. J. F. (2013). The feminization of Medicine in Brazil. Revista Bioética, 21(2), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-80422013000200010
Scheffer, M., Biancarelli, A., & Cassenote, A. (2015). Demografia médica no Brasil 2015. São Paulo: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Federal de Medicina.
Scheffer, M., Biancarelli, A., & Cassenote, A. (2018). Demografia médica no Brasil 2018. São Paulo: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Federal de Medicina.
Schroen, A. T., Brownstein, M. R., & Sheldon, G. F. (2004). Women in academic general surgery. Academic Medicine, 79(4), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200404000-00006
Seemann, N. M., Webster, F., Holden, H. A., Carol-Anne, E. M., Baxter, N., Desjardins, C., & Cil, T. (2016). Women in academic surgery: Why is the playing field still not level? The American Journal of Surgery, 211(2), 343-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.08.036
Shinyashiki, G. T., Mendes, I. A. C., Trevizan, M. A., & Day, R. A. (2006). Professional socialization: Students becoming nurses. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 14(4), 601-607. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692006000400019
Spudeit, D., & Cunha, M. V. (2016). O processo de socialização na construção da identidade dos bibliotecários em Santa Catarina. Em Questão, 22(3), 56-83. https://doi.org/10.19132/1808-5245223.56-83
Vale, G. M. V., Serafim, A. C. F., & Teodósio, A. D. S. S. (2011). Gênero, imersão e empreendedorismo: Sexo frágil, laços fortes? RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 15(4), 631-649. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552011000400005
Zarshenas, L., Sharif, F., Molazem, Z., Khayyer, M., Zare, N., & Ebadi, A. (2014). Professional socialization in nursing: A qualitative content analysis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 19(4), 432-438. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25183987/
Zauli, A. (2015). Reflexões sobre diversidade e gênero. Brasília: Edições Câmara.
Alves, M. A., & Galeão-Silva, L. G. (2004). A crítica da gestão da diversidade nas organizações. RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas, 44(3), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902004000300003
Ashikali, T., & Groeneveld, S. (2015). Diversity management for all? An empirical analysis of diversity management outcomes across groups. Personnel Review, 44(5), 757-780. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2014.15878abstract
Atkinson, R., & Flint, J. (2001). Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: Snowball research strategies. Social Research Update, 33(1), 1-4. Retrieved from
http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.html
Bardin, L. (2011). Análise de conteúdo (4th ed). Lisboa: Edições 70.
Bedi, P., Lakra, P., & Gupta, E. (2014). Workforce diversity management: Biggest challenge or opportunity for 21st century organizations. Journal of Business and Management, 16(4), 102-107. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1643102107
Bellodi, P. L. (2004). The general practitioner and the surgeon: Stereotypes and medical specialties. Revista do Hospital das Clínicas, 59(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0041-87812004000100004
Boulart, I. B., & Lanza, M. B. F (2007). Identidade das pessoas e das organizações. Management in Dialogue Review, 9(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.20946/rad.v9i1.1509
Broadhead, R. S. (2017). The private lives and professional identity of medical students. London: Routledge.
Carvalho, V. D., Borges, L. O., Vikan, A., & Hjemdal, O. (2011). Resiliência e socialização organizacional entre servidores públicos brasileiros e noruegueses. RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 15(5), 815-833. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552011000500003
Cech, E. A. (2013). The self-expressive edge of occupational sex segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 119(3), 747-789. https://doi.org/10.1086/673969
Chies, P. V. (2010). Identidade de gênero e identidade profissional no campo de trabalho. Revista Estudos Feministas, 18(2), 507-528. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-026X2010000200013
Cho, S., Kim, A., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2017). Does diversity matter? Exploring workforce diversity, diversity management, and organizational performance in social enterprises. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 11(3), 193-204. http://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12125
Cochran, A., Hauschild, T., Elder, W. B., Neumayer, L. A., Brasel, K. J., & Crandall, M. L. (2013). Perceived gender-based barriers to careers in academic surgery. The American Journal of Surgery, 206(2), 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.07.044
Creswell, J. W. (2007) Projetos de pesquisa: Métodos qualitativo, quantitativo e misto. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Cruess, R. L., Cruess, S. R., Boudreau, J. D., Snell, L., & Steinert, Y. (2015). A schematic representation of the professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents: A guide for medical educators. Academic Medicine, 90(6), 718-725. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000700
Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (2017). A inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho da região metropolitana de Fortaleza. Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego. Retrieved from https://www.dieese.org.br/analiseped/2016/2016pedmulherfor.html
Dubar, C. (2005). A socialização: Construção das identidades sociais e profissionais. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
Dubar, C. (2012). A construção de si pela atividade de trabalho: A socialização profissional. Cadernos de pesquisa, 42(146), 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-15742012000200003
Edmunds, L. D., Ovseiko, P. V., Shepperd, S., Greenhalgh, T., Frith, P., Roberts, N. W., Pololi, L. H., Buchan, A. M. (2016). Why do women choose or reject careers in academic medicine? A narrative review of empirical evidence. The Lancet, 388(10062), 2948-2958. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01091-0
Fine, C., Sojo, V., & Lawford‐Smith, H. (2020). Why does workplace gender diversity matter? Justice, organizational benefits, and policy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 14(1), 36-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12064
Fitzsimmons, S. R. (2012). Women on boards of directors: Why skirts in seats aren’t enough. Business Horizons, 55(6), 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.07.003
Franco, T., & Santos, E. G. D. (2010). Mulheres e cirurgiãs. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões, 37(1), 72-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69912010000100015
Gazaway, S., Gibson, R. W., Schumacher, A., & Anderson, L. (2019). Impact of mentoring relationships on nursing professional socialization. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(6), 1182-1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12790
Hill, E., & Vaughan, S. (2013). The only girl in the room: How paradigmatic trajectories deter female students from surgical careers. Medical Education, 47(6), 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12134
Hughes, E. C. (1958). Men and their work. Florence, MA: Free Press.
Lempp, H., & Seale, C. (2006). Medical students’ perceptions in relation to ethnicity and gender: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, 6(17), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-6-17
Leslie, L. M., Manchester, C. F., & Dahm, P. C. (2017). Why and when does the gender gap reverse? Diversity goals and the pay premium for high potential women. Academy of Management Journal, 60(2), 402-432. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0195
Mason, M. A., & Ekman, E. M. (2007). Mothers on the fast track: How a new generation can balance family and careers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McKimm, J., Silva, A. S., Edwards, S., Greenhill, J., & Taylor, C. (2015). Women and leadership in medicine and medical education: International perspectives. In M. Tsouroufli (Ed.), Gender, careers and inequalities in medicine and medical education: International perspectives (pp. 69-98). Melbourne: Emerald Group.
Miller, K., & Clark, D. (2008). “Knife before wife”: An exploratory study of gender and the UK medical profession. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 22(3), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260810883521
Minella, L. S. (2017). Medicina e feminização em universidades brasileiras: O gênero nas interseções. Revista Estudos Feministas, 25(3), 1111-1128. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584.2017v25n3p1111
Oliveira, L. B., Cavazotte, F. S. C. N. de, & Paciello, R. R. (2013). Antecedentes e consequências dos conflitos entre trabalho e família. RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 17(4), 418-437. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584.2017v25n3p1111
Pereira, J. B. C., & Hanashiro, D. M. M. (2010). Ser ou não ser favorável às práticas de diversidade? Eis a questão. RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 14(4), 670-683. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552010000400007
Póvoa, A. C. S., Maffezzolli, M. R., Pech, W., & Silva, W. V. (2017). A influência do gênero no processo decisório: O jogo do ultimato. RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 21(4), 481-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2017160152
Saraiva, L. A. S., & Irigaray, H. A. R. (2009). Políticas de diversidade nas organizações: Uma questão de discurso? RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas, 49(3), 337-348. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902009000300008
Santos, C. (2005). A construção social do conceito de identidade profissional. Interações: Sociedade e as novas modernidades, 5(8), 123-144. Retrieved from https://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/145
Scheffer, M., Biancarelli, A., & Cassenote, A. (2011). Demografia médica no Brasil: Dados gerais e descrições de desigualdades: Relatório de pesquisa. São Paulo: Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Federal de Medicina.
Scheffer, M. C., & Cassenote, A. J. F. (2013). The feminization of Medicine in Brazil. Revista Bioética, 21(2), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-80422013000200010
Scheffer, M., Biancarelli, A., & Cassenote, A. (2015). Demografia médica no Brasil 2015. São Paulo: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Federal de Medicina.
Scheffer, M., Biancarelli, A., & Cassenote, A. (2018). Demografia médica no Brasil 2018. São Paulo: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Federal de Medicina.
Schroen, A. T., Brownstein, M. R., & Sheldon, G. F. (2004). Women in academic general surgery. Academic Medicine, 79(4), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200404000-00006
Seemann, N. M., Webster, F., Holden, H. A., Carol-Anne, E. M., Baxter, N., Desjardins, C., & Cil, T. (2016). Women in academic surgery: Why is the playing field still not level? The American Journal of Surgery, 211(2), 343-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.08.036
Shinyashiki, G. T., Mendes, I. A. C., Trevizan, M. A., & Day, R. A. (2006). Professional socialization: Students becoming nurses. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 14(4), 601-607. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692006000400019
Spudeit, D., & Cunha, M. V. (2016). O processo de socialização na construção da identidade dos bibliotecários em Santa Catarina. Em Questão, 22(3), 56-83. https://doi.org/10.19132/1808-5245223.56-83
Vale, G. M. V., Serafim, A. C. F., & Teodósio, A. D. S. S. (2011). Gênero, imersão e empreendedorismo: Sexo frágil, laços fortes? RAC-Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 15(4), 631-649. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552011000400005
Zarshenas, L., Sharif, F., Molazem, Z., Khayyer, M., Zare, N., & Ebadi, A. (2014). Professional socialization in nursing: A qualitative content analysis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 19(4), 432-438. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25183987/
Zauli, A. (2015). Reflexões sobre diversidade e gênero. Brasília: Edições Câmara.