Processes in Interorganizational Relationships to Develop Absorptive Capacity in Startups
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Alexandre Rodrigues Cajuela
Simone Vasconcelos Ribeiro Galina
Abstract
Objective: one of the factors related to dynamic capabilities is the absorptive capacity and until now, empirical work on capabilities has been conducted mainly with large companies and little is known about how they occur in startups. In this context, the aim of this work is to provide an understanding of how absorptive capacity occurs in startups, which maintains interorganizational relationships with large companies. Methods: the research used a qualitative multiple case study design and the investigation of seven startups constituted the study corpus. The data were analyzed using statistical analysis, content analysis, and business process analysis. Results: the interrelationship between startups and large companies in acceleration programs enhances the development of capabilities for startups because it facilitates access and assimilation of knowledge. On the other hand, knowledge transformation and exploitation help the modification of the structure, processes, and resources of startups to serve the large company, and the development of new products and services to the market occurs modestly and incrementally. Conclusions: the study highlights how the formal actions of corporate accelerator programs by large firms contribute to the development of absorptive capacity in startups.
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Cajuela, A. R., & Galina, S. V. R. (2020). Processes in Interorganizational Relationships to Develop Absorptive Capacity in Startups. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 24(6), 550-566. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2020180329
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References
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Bardin, L. (2016). Análise de conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70.
Barringer, B. R., & Harrison, J. S. (2000). Walking a tightrope: Creating value through interorganizational relationships. Journal of Management, 26(3), 367-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600302
Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (2015). Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: Um manual prático (13a ed.). Petrópolis: Vozes.
Baum, J. A. C., Calabrese, T., & Silverman, B. S. (2000). Don’t go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3%3C267::AID-SMJ89%3E3.0.CO;2-8
Blank, S., & Dorf, B. (2014). Startup: Manual do empreendedor. Rio de Janeiro: Alta Books.
Burlton, R. (2010). Delivering business strategy through process management. In J. Vom Brocke; M. Rosemann (Eds.). Handbook on business process management: Strategic alignment, governance, people and culture (pp. 5-37, v. 2, part. 1). Berlin: Springer.
Camisón, C., & Forés, B. (2010). Knowledge absorptive capacity: New insights for its conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Business Research, 63(7), 707-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.04.022
Ceccagnoli, M., Forman, C., Huang, P., & Wu, D. (2012). Cocreation of value in a platform ecosystem: The case of enterprise software. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 263-290. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410417
Chaudhary, S., & Batra, S. (2018). Proposing a sequential operationalization of absorptive capacity. Measuring Business Excellence, 22(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-04-2017-0014
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553
Crișan, E. L., Salanță, I. I., Beleiu, I. N., Bordean, O. N., & Bunduchi, R. (2019). A systematic literature review on accelerators. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09754-9
Dooley, L., Kenny, B., & Cronin, M. (2015). Interorganizational innovation across geographic and cognitive boundaries: Does firm size matter? R&D Management, 46(Supl.), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12134
Eisenmann, T. R., Parker, G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2009). Opening platforms: How, when and why? In A. Gawer (Ed.). Platforms, markets and innovation (Chap. 6, pp. 131-162), Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Evangelista, F., & Mac, L. (2016). The influence of experience and deliberate learning on SME export performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 22(6), 860-879. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0300
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS (2nd ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Flatten, T. C., Engelen, A., Zahra, S. A., & Brettel, M. (2011). A measure of absorptive capacity: Scale development and validation. European Management Journal, 29(2), 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2010.11.002
Groote, J. K., & Backmann, J. (2020). Initiating open innovation collaborations between incumbents and startups: How can David and Goliath get along? International Journal of Innovation Management, 24(2), 2050011. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919620500115
Gutiérrez, L. J. G., Bustinza, O. F., & Molina, V. B. (2012). Six sigma, absorptive capacity and organisational learning orientation. International Journal of Production Research, 50(3), 661-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2010.543175
Hindle, T. (2002). Tudo sobre administração. São Paulo: Nobel.
Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2
Hogenhuis, B. N., van den Hende, E. A., & Hultink, E. J. (2016). When should large firms collaborate with young ventures? Understanding young firms’ strengths can help firms make the right decisions around asymmetric collaborations. Research-Technology Management, 59(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2016.1117329
Huang, F., Rice, J., & Martin, N. (2015). Does open innovation apply to China? Exploring the contingent role of external knowledge sources and internal absorptive capacity in Chinese large firms and SMEs. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(5), 594-613. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.79
Hyytinen, A., Pajarinen, M., & Rouvinen, P. (2015). Does innovativeness reduce startup survival rates? Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 564-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.10.001
Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Vaidyanath, D. (2002). Alliance management as a source of competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 28(3), 413-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00134-4
Jang, H., Lee, K., & Yoon, B. (2017). Development of an open innovation model for R&D collaboration between large firms and small-medium enterprises (SMES) in manufacturing industries. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 1750002. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919617500025
Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., García-Morales, V. J., & Molina, L. M. (2011). Validation of an instrument to measure absorptive capacity. Technovation, 31(5-6), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.12.002
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2004). Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Kato, M. (2020). Founders’ human capital and external knowledge sourcing: Exploring the absorptive capacity of start-up firms. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 29(2), 184-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2019.1598670
Lange, G. S., & Johnston, W. J. (2020). The value of business accelerators and incubators–an entrepreneur’s perspective. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-01-2019-0024
Lewin, A. Y., Massini, S., & Peeters, C. (2011). Microfoundations of internal and external absorptive capacity routines. Organization Science, 22(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0525
Ma, X., Zhou, Z., & Fan, X. (2015). The process of dynamic capability emergence in technology start-ups: An exploratory longitudinal study in China. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 27(6), 675-692. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2015.1034266
Manfreda, A., Kovacic, A., Štemberger, M. I., & Trkman, P. (2014). Absorptive capacity as a precondition for business process improvement. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54(2), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2014.11645684
Moschner, S.-L., Fink, A. A., Kurpjuweit, S., Wagner, S. M., & Herstatt, C. (2019). Toward a better understanding of corporate accelerator models. Business Horizons, 62(5), 637-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.05.006
Müller, J. M., Buliga, O., & Voigt, K. I. (2020). The role of absorptive capacity and innovation strategy in the design of industry 4.0 business Models: A comparison between SMEs and large enterprises. European Management Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.01.002
Pavlou, P. A., & El Sawy, O. A. (2006). From IT leveraging competence to competitive advantage in turbulent environments: The case of new product development. Information Systems Research, 17(3), 198-227. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1060.0094
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018). Oslo manual 2018: Guidelines for collecting, reporting and using data on innovation (4th ed.). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Rodríguez-Serrano, M. Á., & Martín-Armario, E. (2019). Born-global SMEs, performance, and dynamic absorptive capacity: Evidence from Spanish firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(2), 298-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12319
Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F., & Lucio, M. del P. B. (2013). Metodologia de pesquisa (5th ed.). Porto Alegre: Penso.
Savarese, M. F., Orsi, L., & Belussi, F. (2016). New venture high growth in high-tech environments. European Planning Studies, 24(11), 1937-1958. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1232700
Schilke, O., Hu, S., & Helfat, C. E. (2018). Quo vadis, dynamic capabilities? A content-analytic review of the current state of knowledge and recommendations for future research. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 390-439. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0014
Shankar, R. K., & Shepherd, D. A. (2019). Accelerating strategic fit or venture emergence: Different paths adopted by corporate accelerators. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(5), 105886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.06.004
Srivardhana, T., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2007). ERP systems as an enabler of sustained business process innovation: A knowledge-based view. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 16(1), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2007.01.003
Stuart, T. E. (2000). Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: A study of growth and innovation rates in a high-technology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), 791–811. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200008)21:8<791::AID-SMJ121>3.0.CO;2-K
Sudiana, K., Sule, E. T., Soemaryani, I., & Yunizar, Y. (2020). The development and validation of the penta helix construct. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11231
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
Tidd, J., Bessant, J., & Pavitt, K. (2008). Gestão da inovação (3rd ed.). Porto Alegre Bookman.
Urbaniec, M., & Żur, A. (2020). Business model innovation in corporate entrepreneurship: Exploratory insights from corporate accelerators. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00646-1
Weiblen, T., & Chesbrough, H. W. (2015). Engaging with startups to enhance corporate innovation. California Management Review, 57(2), 66-90. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.57.2.66
Wasiuzzaman, S. (2019). Resource sharing in interfirm alliances between SMEs and large firms and SME access to finance: A study of Malaysian SMEs. Management Research Review, 42(12), 1375–1399. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2018-0369
Yin, R. K. (2015). Estudo de caso: Planejamento e métodos (5th ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2002.6587995
ASQ Service Quality Division (2016, May 6). SIPOC (suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, customers) diagram. Retrieved from http://asqservicequality.org/glossary/sipoc-suppliers-inputs-process-outputs-customers-diagram/
Association of Business Process Management Professionals (2013). Guia para o gerenciamento de processos de negócio: Corpo comum de conhecimento. São Paulo: ABPMP.
Autio, E., George, G., & Alexy, O. (2011). International entrepreneurship and capability development: Qualitative evidence and future research directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 11-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00421.x
Bardin, L. (2016). Análise de conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70.
Barringer, B. R., & Harrison, J. S. (2000). Walking a tightrope: Creating value through interorganizational relationships. Journal of Management, 26(3), 367-403. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600302
Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (2015). Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: Um manual prático (13a ed.). Petrópolis: Vozes.
Baum, J. A. C., Calabrese, T., & Silverman, B. S. (2000). Don’t go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3%3C267::AID-SMJ89%3E3.0.CO;2-8
Blank, S., & Dorf, B. (2014). Startup: Manual do empreendedor. Rio de Janeiro: Alta Books.
Burlton, R. (2010). Delivering business strategy through process management. In J. Vom Brocke; M. Rosemann (Eds.). Handbook on business process management: Strategic alignment, governance, people and culture (pp. 5-37, v. 2, part. 1). Berlin: Springer.
Camisón, C., & Forés, B. (2010). Knowledge absorptive capacity: New insights for its conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Business Research, 63(7), 707-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.04.022
Ceccagnoli, M., Forman, C., Huang, P., & Wu, D. (2012). Cocreation of value in a platform ecosystem: The case of enterprise software. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 263-290. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410417
Chaudhary, S., & Batra, S. (2018). Proposing a sequential operationalization of absorptive capacity. Measuring Business Excellence, 22(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-04-2017-0014
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553
Crișan, E. L., Salanță, I. I., Beleiu, I. N., Bordean, O. N., & Bunduchi, R. (2019). A systematic literature review on accelerators. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-019-09754-9
Dooley, L., Kenny, B., & Cronin, M. (2015). Interorganizational innovation across geographic and cognitive boundaries: Does firm size matter? R&D Management, 46(Supl.), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12134
Eisenmann, T. R., Parker, G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2009). Opening platforms: How, when and why? In A. Gawer (Ed.). Platforms, markets and innovation (Chap. 6, pp. 131-162), Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Evangelista, F., & Mac, L. (2016). The influence of experience and deliberate learning on SME export performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 22(6), 860-879. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0300
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS (2nd ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Flatten, T. C., Engelen, A., Zahra, S. A., & Brettel, M. (2011). A measure of absorptive capacity: Scale development and validation. European Management Journal, 29(2), 98–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2010.11.002
Groote, J. K., & Backmann, J. (2020). Initiating open innovation collaborations between incumbents and startups: How can David and Goliath get along? International Journal of Innovation Management, 24(2), 2050011. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919620500115
Gutiérrez, L. J. G., Bustinza, O. F., & Molina, V. B. (2012). Six sigma, absorptive capacity and organisational learning orientation. International Journal of Production Research, 50(3), 661-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2010.543175
Hindle, T. (2002). Tudo sobre administração. São Paulo: Nobel.
Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2
Hogenhuis, B. N., van den Hende, E. A., & Hultink, E. J. (2016). When should large firms collaborate with young ventures? Understanding young firms’ strengths can help firms make the right decisions around asymmetric collaborations. Research-Technology Management, 59(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.2016.1117329
Huang, F., Rice, J., & Martin, N. (2015). Does open innovation apply to China? Exploring the contingent role of external knowledge sources and internal absorptive capacity in Chinese large firms and SMEs. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(5), 594-613. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.79
Hyytinen, A., Pajarinen, M., & Rouvinen, P. (2015). Does innovativeness reduce startup survival rates? Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 564-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.10.001
Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Vaidyanath, D. (2002). Alliance management as a source of competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 28(3), 413-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00134-4
Jang, H., Lee, K., & Yoon, B. (2017). Development of an open innovation model for R&D collaboration between large firms and small-medium enterprises (SMES) in manufacturing industries. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 1750002. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919617500025
Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., García-Morales, V. J., & Molina, L. M. (2011). Validation of an instrument to measure absorptive capacity. Technovation, 31(5-6), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.12.002
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2004). Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Kato, M. (2020). Founders’ human capital and external knowledge sourcing: Exploring the absorptive capacity of start-up firms. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 29(2), 184-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2019.1598670
Lange, G. S., & Johnston, W. J. (2020). The value of business accelerators and incubators–an entrepreneur’s perspective. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-01-2019-0024
Lewin, A. Y., Massini, S., & Peeters, C. (2011). Microfoundations of internal and external absorptive capacity routines. Organization Science, 22(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0525
Ma, X., Zhou, Z., & Fan, X. (2015). The process of dynamic capability emergence in technology start-ups: An exploratory longitudinal study in China. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 27(6), 675-692. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2015.1034266
Manfreda, A., Kovacic, A., Štemberger, M. I., & Trkman, P. (2014). Absorptive capacity as a precondition for business process improvement. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54(2), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2014.11645684
Moschner, S.-L., Fink, A. A., Kurpjuweit, S., Wagner, S. M., & Herstatt, C. (2019). Toward a better understanding of corporate accelerator models. Business Horizons, 62(5), 637-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.05.006
Müller, J. M., Buliga, O., & Voigt, K. I. (2020). The role of absorptive capacity and innovation strategy in the design of industry 4.0 business Models: A comparison between SMEs and large enterprises. European Management Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.01.002
Pavlou, P. A., & El Sawy, O. A. (2006). From IT leveraging competence to competitive advantage in turbulent environments: The case of new product development. Information Systems Research, 17(3), 198-227. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1060.0094
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018). Oslo manual 2018: Guidelines for collecting, reporting and using data on innovation (4th ed.). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Rodríguez-Serrano, M. Á., & Martín-Armario, E. (2019). Born-global SMEs, performance, and dynamic absorptive capacity: Evidence from Spanish firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(2), 298-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12319
Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F., & Lucio, M. del P. B. (2013). Metodologia de pesquisa (5th ed.). Porto Alegre: Penso.
Savarese, M. F., Orsi, L., & Belussi, F. (2016). New venture high growth in high-tech environments. European Planning Studies, 24(11), 1937-1958. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1232700
Schilke, O., Hu, S., & Helfat, C. E. (2018). Quo vadis, dynamic capabilities? A content-analytic review of the current state of knowledge and recommendations for future research. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 390-439. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0014
Shankar, R. K., & Shepherd, D. A. (2019). Accelerating strategic fit or venture emergence: Different paths adopted by corporate accelerators. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(5), 105886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.06.004
Srivardhana, T., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2007). ERP systems as an enabler of sustained business process innovation: A knowledge-based view. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 16(1), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2007.01.003
Stuart, T. E. (2000). Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: A study of growth and innovation rates in a high-technology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), 791–811. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200008)21:8<791::AID-SMJ121>3.0.CO;2-K
Sudiana, K., Sule, E. T., Soemaryani, I., & Yunizar, Y. (2020). The development and validation of the penta helix construct. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11231
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
Tidd, J., Bessant, J., & Pavitt, K. (2008). Gestão da inovação (3rd ed.). Porto Alegre Bookman.
Urbaniec, M., & Żur, A. (2020). Business model innovation in corporate entrepreneurship: Exploratory insights from corporate accelerators. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00646-1
Weiblen, T., & Chesbrough, H. W. (2015). Engaging with startups to enhance corporate innovation. California Management Review, 57(2), 66-90. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.57.2.66
Wasiuzzaman, S. (2019). Resource sharing in interfirm alliances between SMEs and large firms and SME access to finance: A study of Malaysian SMEs. Management Research Review, 42(12), 1375–1399. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2018-0369
Yin, R. K. (2015). Estudo de caso: Planejamento e métodos (5th ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2002.6587995